As a man who wants to look their best, you might be wondering how to lose weight fast and what’s the best way to get results. Whether you want to cut down that beer belly by summer time, or simply cut before the next bulk, we have you covered.
Though men can lose weight much the same way as women, some biological differences warrant unique advice. No matter if you want to lose weight from the comfort of your home or you’re eager to hit the gym, these 15 proven ways will help you get fit in not time.
Proven Ways for Men to Lose Fat Faster
Now that you know where you stand on the weight loss playing field, it’s time to plan and start shedding some pounds! With no further ado, here’s 15 proven ways how men can lose weight fast and get pronounced abs in the process:
1. Set Goals & Figure Out Calorie Needs
The first thing you need to do is figure out how much you should eat each day to achieve weight loss. Since a deficit of 3,500 calories means losing a pound of fat, it’s generally safe to eat 500 calories below maintenance. However, if you’re very overweight or obese, you can eat 1,000 calories below maintenance too.
Use an online calculator to see how many calories your body needs every day to maintain weight, then subtract 500 from this number. This amount is the maximum you should eat for fast weight loss.
Of course, if you exercise more, you can eat more calories and still lose weight. If you’re sedentary, you’ll have to create a calorie deficit of 1,000 or more if you want to lose 2 pounds a week, which may not be possible for many people.
Set a realistic, achievable goal and stick to it. If you follow a calorie deficit of 500 for six months, you will have lost 24 pounds, while you’ll lose 48 with a deficit of 1,000! Don’t go below 1,200 calories, though, as extreme low-calorie diets might cause nausea, dizziness, fatigue, hair fall, brittle nails, and general health issues, lowering your self-confidence and not leaving any energy for exercise.1
2. Start Lifting Heavy
Guys build muscle faster than women, so use that to your advantage! Muscle mass is a long-term investment since a pound of muscle takes more calories to burn off than a pound of fat. Just ten weeks of lifting can increase calories burnt at rest by 7%, meaning you can eat more and still lose weight.2
Lifting weight, also known as strength training or resistance training, efficiently reduces visceral fat.3 A combination of weightlifting and aerobic exercise or cardio is the fastest way to burn fat compared to cardio alone.4
Besides, lifting weights brings you closer to your dream body. You can’t achieve a muscular physique without some sort of strength training. Even without weights, you can engage in strength training through bodyweight exercises like push-ups, pull-ups, etc., or explore beginner’s powerlifting training programs we’ve compiled.
If you have heart issues or another medical problem that prevents you from lifting heavy weights, light weights are still effective at toning your body.
3. Do Cardio After Weights
While we are proponents of strength training, you shouldn’t ignore the utility of aerobic exercise or cardio. This type of exercise may include walking, running, swimming, jumping rope, jogging, dancing, or anything else which moves your body fast and vigorously.
If you’re looking for chiseled abs, a review of 16 studies found that more cardio = more fat loss.5 Cardio also decreases body fat in general while increasing stamina and helping you exercise for more extended periods at once, which in turn promotes weight loss.
Most research says you should squeeze in at least 150-300 minutes of moderate or vigorous-intensity exercise every week.6 This time equates to about 30-60 minutes of exercise, five days a week.
If you’re looking to lose weight fast, you’ll want to burn at least 500 extra calories through exercise. Get a FitBit or use online calculators to figure out how many calories an hour of any exercise burns for you. For example, a 160-pound man can burn about 600 calories with just an hour of running.7
By doing cardio after lifting weight, you increase your efficiency at the same intensity, meaning you burn more fat and less muscle than you would otherwise, according to Cameron McGarr, a USA Weightlifting-certified strength coach.
4. Eat a Variety of Lean Protein
If you want to lean down but keep your existing muscularity, you must ensure protein intake is sufficient.
A diet full of lean protein, like chicken breast, salmon, tuna, pulses, and eggs, means a lower risk of developing excess fat.8 A high-protein diet also preserves muscle mass and keeps your metabolism in check during weight loss so you lose fat and get muscular instead of skinny-fat.9
Protein also keeps you full for longer by reducing ghrelin levels, the hunger hormone. People who up their protein intake also end up consuming 441 fewer calories on average, so make sure to get a gram of protein for every 2 pounds of weight.10
Studies and various athletes will argue on the exact amount for building muscle and or weight loss, but in general, you should consume .7-1 gram of protein for every pound of body weight. So if you’re 200 pounds, try to eat 150-200 grams of protein daily.
5.Try the Keto Diet
The keto diet is a high-protein diet specifically for fat loss, but if you’re anti-keto just jump to the next point for a different approach.
Followers of keto eat 80% of their calories in protein and consume less than 50 grams of carbohydrates per day, putting their bodies into a state of ketogenesis.
When your body is in ketogenesis, it burns fat instead of carbs for energy, turning it into compounds called ketones which it utilizes for fuel. Keto diets can decrease insulin resistance and reduce symptoms of metabolic syndrome, which includes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol.11
Many would be astonished by the amount of weight you can lose on keto, but it’s not suitable for everyone.
Of course, this is an extremely low-carb diet, so you may feel out-of-sorts for the first few days. Some symptoms of “keto flu” can include:
- Headaches
- Fatigue
- Confusion
- Constipation
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Soreness
- Bad breath
If these symptoms persist, the keto diet is probably not for you. Consult your doctor before beginning any weight loss diet if you have a medical condition, like diabetes, since it can alter your gut bacteria and cause sugar and carbohydrate withdrawal.
Alternatively, if you’re not losing weight despite being in ketosis, it might be wise to consult a healthcare professional to determine the reason.
6. Replace Refined Carbs with Complex Carbs
Refined carbs, like flour tortillas, white bread, traditional pizza, etc., are empty calories. Grain manufacturers strip away the bran and germ – the bran being the grain’s outer shell, packed with fiber, trace minerals, and B vitamins, and the germ being its inner, nutrient-rich portion with antioxidants, B vitamins, and vitamin E.
The result is low in fiber and doesn’t keep you full for any considerable amount of time. Refined carbs also generally have a higher glycemic index, which measures how fast any food makes your blood sugar rise. A high glycemic index causes abrupt spikes in blood sugar and hunger pangs, inhibiting weight loss.
Replacing refined carbs with whole grain or complex carbs allows you to reap the benefits of carbohydrates. Whole grains are higher in fiber and beneficial nutrients as their germ and bran are intact, keeping you full for longer.
In a study of more than 2,500 people, people with a diet of more refined grains had a higher level of dangerous belly fat, while those who consumed more whole grains tended towards a lower level of belly fat.12 Pair whole-grain bread and pasta, brown rice, whole oats, and other whole grains with portions of lean meat or plant-based protein for a healthy and filling meal.
7. High-Intensity Interval Training
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) combines short bursts of intense activity with rest periods (long or short) to keep your heart rate up and increase fat burn. One study found that men who performed HIIT for 20 minutes 3 days a week lost 4.4 pounds of body fat without any other lifestyle or diet adjustments, along with a 17% loss of belly fat.13
People who perform HIIT burn up to 30% more calories than those who do regular moderate-intensity exercise.14 HIIT workouts are generally shorter and more intense – perfect if you’re a busy student or have a hectic job and can’t spend too much time at the gym.
You can begin jogging at your usual pace for 1 minute, then sprint for 30 seconds to start HIIT. Alternate these 1 minute and 30-second intervals for an easy HIIT workout. You can do the same with any form of exercise or a combination of movements, like push-ups, burpees, high-knees, rows, etc. Just make sure that you’re pushing yourself hard during active periods.
Don’t try HIIT if you have a heart condition, as intense activity can cause too much strain on your heart. Engaging in moderate-intensity exercise is far better than doing nothing, and maintaining consistency is the key for men seeking to lose weight rapidly!
8. Replace Soda, Alcohol, & Juice with Water
Soda is high in both sugar and calories so it’s best to avoid it when possible. You might think that fruit juices are a healthier alternative, but they’re just as high in sugar and making fruit juice at home deprives you of the fiber present in the fruit.
Adequate H2O consumption can make you feel full and reduce hunger pangs and boredom eating. People who drink at least half a liter of water about 30 minutes before a meal also lose 44% more weight than their dehydrated counterparts.15
Instead of going cold turkey, you can first replace sugar-sweetened soda with its diet version, like a Diet Coke instead of regular Coke. Then, slowly reduce how much Coke you drink in a day and up your water intake since diet drinks can also make you crave sweet things.16
On the same note, put down the beer and pick up a glass of seltzer or flavored water instead. Both alcohol and sugar-sweetened drinks can increase your risk of developing dangerous abdominal fat, so minimizing their intake will keep your waistline in check.17
To clarify, there are ways to lose weight gained from alcohol while indulging in the occasional drink, but moderating the quantity of drinks consumed on any given occasion can make a significant difference.
9. Feast on Healthy Fats
Healthy fats make you feel more satiated and keep you content for longer. These fats aren’t common in fast food and take longer to digest, reducing your appetite and hunger pangs.18
A Mediterranean diet, high in healthy fats, reduces the risk of weight gain overall than a low-fat diet. People who eat just two tablespoons of coconut oil each day also lose belly fat quicker than those who consume the same amount of soybean oil, emphasizing the benefits of healthy fats.19
Regardless of their benefits and like anything else, healthy fats should be used in moderation.
10. Up Your Fiber Intake
Like healthy fats, fiber also keeps you full for longer. Soluble fiber, abundant in most fruits and vegetables, takes a long time to digest, reducing hunger pangs.20 Fruits and vegetables also contain various minerals and vitamins so it’s always a good idea to have your favorite grilled or steamed veggies as sides.
In a study of over 1,114 adults, people who increased their soluble fiber intake by just 14 grams per day lost about 4.4 pounds of weight over four months since it correlates with a 10% decrease in calorie intake.21
Other sources of fiber include nuts, legumes, and whole grains, so you can easily pair a fibrous side like brown rice with a protein-heavy meal and reduce snack cravings throughout the day. Avoid empty calories – fill up on fiber instead!
11. Stress Less, Sleep More
Chronic stress significantly inhibits weight loss. When you’re stressed, your body produces cortisol and while this hormone reduces appetite, it also causes hunger pangs or cravings when it remains in the bloodstream for a prolonged time.22
Stress eating is another factor that comes into play because some people subconsciously view food as a coping mechanism, and this dopamine hit makes them crave and stress-eat. Similarly, chronic sleep deprivation reduces the number of calories you burn overall. Your body is always working, taking care of essential functions like heart pumping and breathing, and it needs calories to work.
When you sleep, you go through many cycles of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. The more cycles of REM you go through in a night, the more calories you burn, but REM cycles only occur during deep sleep. If you get poor-quality sleep, you’ll burn fewer calories.
People who get 7+ hours of sleep per night are 33% more likely to lose weight, and lack of sleep imbalances the hunger hormones ghrelin and leptin, increasing your risk of obesity.23, 24
So, ensure 7-8 hours of sleep every night and try a stress management program – they’re effective in reducing BMI for both children and adolescents.25 If nothing else, get a meditation app, like Waking Up, and try to relax at least once a day.
12. See if Intermittent Fasting Works For You
Intermittent fasting is eating within a set few hours of the day while fasting during the rest. The 16:8 method is the most prevalent, and most intermittent fasters follow it – eating within 8 hours and fasting for 16.
A study has shown that the 16:8 method can help decrease fat mass while conserving muscle mass combined with strength training. Another technique where dieters fast for alternate days reduced body weight by up to 7% and fat by 12 pounds within 3-12 weeks.26
Intermittent fasting may also help you control your cravings as you don’t permit yourself to eat within a set time of the day. Don’t gorge on fast food during your feeding time, though! Eat as healthily as you would without fasting.
If you end up gorging on unhealthy food at the end of the day or are troubled by uncontrollable hunger pangs, quit intermittent fasting. Also, don’t try it out without consulting your doctor if you have any medical conditions like diabetes.
13. Avoid Sweetened Coffee & Substitute With Green Tea
If you’re an office-goer or frequently pull all-nighters, you might be used to drinking a lot of sweetened coffee. Many brew a cup of coffee in the morning or during their lunch break but they don’t realize that this coffee is full of more sugar than caffeine and extremely high in calories.
On the flip side, green tea is packed with antioxidants like catechin, known to boost metabolism and enhance exercise performance.27 It also has theanine, an amino acid that soothes your mind, potentially getting rid of some stress.28
Not only does green tea increase fat burning and promote weight loss, but it also contains the caffeine necessary to wake you up in the morning so you don’t miss your coffee.29 Though it can be pretty bitter by itself, you can add some honey to sweeten it and pour yourself a refreshing, beneficial drink.
But I Can’t Wake Up Without Coffee! If you just can’t do without the coffee, switch to black coffee instead. This switch gets rid of excess calories and the caffeine in coffee does suppress your appetite and increase metabolism by aiding in the breakdown of fatty acids.30 Some studies also show that having coffee correlates with a higher rate of successful weight loss, meaning sugar-free coffee might be a good option in the long run!.31
14. Have Some Vinegar & Probiotics
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria naturally found in your gut and they discourage the production of gas while helping with digestion, reducing unnecessary bloating.
People who take probiotics also experience significantly more weight loss and fat loss than those who don’t and they even prevent fat gain on a high-fat and high-calorie diet to some extent.32 Eating yogurt with the Lactobacillus ferventum and Lactobacillus amylovorus bacteria can also reduce body fat by 3-4%.33
If you don’t want to take supplements, add some probiotic-rich food like yogurt, tempeh, kombucha, kimchi, or sauerkraut to your diet.
15. Track Your Progress
Take a “before” picture before you begin losing weight and keep taking progress photos every week (or every other week, if you prefer). Make sure to step on the scale weekly, too, so you can track how many calories you need to eat and celebrate the weight you’ve lost.
Every pound lost is an achievement. Make sure to treat yourself in moderation every once in a while (not more than once a week, though). Tracking your progress will keep you motivated through the tough stretches and boost your willpower.
The Bottom Line
Despite the initial challenge, these strategies for weight loss are designed to make your weight loss journey easier. The only condition is – once you get started, just trust in the process. Weight loss takes time and you just might fail the first attempt. However, you’ve only lose the battle when you stop trying. So even if you let yourself go for a week, a month, or even years, just take tiny steps in the right direction and you’ll be at your desired weight in time.
If you’re aiming for a lean physique and unwavering self-assurance, you now have the knowledge of how men can lose weight rapidly, with consistency being the crucial factor to remember.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why Should Men Try to Lose Weight?
Obesity will take a toll on your health in the long run and looking your best can help your mental state as well. Looking good and feeling good are two halves to most peoples desires to get fit while mental and physical health are imperative to thrive.
Men already have shorter lives than women in general, and according to the CDC, heart disease is the foremost killer of men in the US!
The significant mortality rate highlights the importance of men learning how to lose weight quickly, allowing them to prevent these complications and live fulfilling, happy lives.
What Are The Risks of Obesity & Visceral Fat
Obesity means that you have a high level of visceral fat – fat that surrounds your stomach, liver, and intestines. This fat is the most dangerous type as it can build up in the arteries and cause fatty liver syndrome, which is fatal if not treated early.
Not to mention, obesity correlates with a higher risk of:
- Heart disease and strokes
- Type 2 diabetes
- Certain cancers, including prostate cancer
- Digestive problems
- Sleep apnea
- Osteoarthritis
- Severe COVID-19 symptoms
Is Weight Loss Easier for a Man Than a Woman?
Though it depends on the individual, it’s easier for a man to lose weight than a woman of similar height, weight, and age. This discrepancy arises because men naturally have more muscle mass than women which means they need more calories to maintain their current weight. Which goes to say, men lose weight quicker at the same calorie deficit.
For example, a 25-year-old, 5’10”, 160-pound man who’s not active will maintain his weight at 2,060 calories, while a woman with the measurements will need 1,860 calories.
Though a 200-calorie difference may not seem like much, it can add up when trying to lean down.
For weight loss, nutritionists recommend that you eat about 500 calories less than you need per day, creating a deficit of 3,500 pounds every week. This deficit makes you lose a pound of fat per week. So the man will need to eat 1,560 calories, while the woman will eat 1,360.
However, men do need to lose more to look as fit as women at a higher fat percentage. Women have more essential fat than men and are classified as athletic at 16-23% body fat, while men have to go down to 5-10% to classify as such.
References
1NHS. (2019, November 18). Very low calorie diets. NHS. Retrieved November 29, 2021, from <https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/very-low-calorie-diets/>
2Westcott W. L. (2012). Resistance training is medicine: effects of strength training on health. Current sports medicine reports, 11(4), 209–216. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22777332/>
3Dutheil, F., Lac, G., Lesourd, B., Chapier, R., Walther, G., Vinet, A., Sapin, V., Verney, J., Ouchchane, L., Duclos, M., Obert, P., & Courteix, D. (2013). Different modalities of exercise to reduce visceral fat mass and cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome: the RESOLVE randomized trial. International journal of cardiology, 168(4), 3634–3642. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23714599/>
4Ho, S. S., Dhaliwal, S. S., Hills, A. P., & Pal, S. (2012). The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. BMC public health, 12, 704. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3487794/>
5Ohkawara, K., Tanaka, S., Miyachi, M., Ishikawa-Takata, K., & Tabata, I. (2007). A dose-response relation between aerobic exercise and visceral fat reduction: systematic review of clinical trials. International journal of obesity (2005), 31(12), 1786–1797. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17637702/>
6Friedenreich, C. M., Neilson, H. K., O’Reilly, R., Duha, A., Yasui, Y., Morielli, A. R., Adams, S. C., & Courneya, K. S. (2015). Effects of a High vs Moderate Volume of Aerobic Exercise on Adiposity Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA oncology, 1(6), 766–776. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26181634/>
7Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019, November 21). Exercise for weight loss: Calories burned in 1 hour. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 29, 2021, from <https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/in-depth/exercise/art-20050999>
8Loenneke, J. P., Wilson, J. M., Manninen, A. H., Wray, M. E., Barnes, J. T., & Pujol, T. J. (2012). Quality protein intake is inversely related with abdominal fat. Nutrition & metabolism, 9(1), 5. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22284338/>
9Soenen, S., Martens, E. A., Hochstenbach-Waelen, A., Lemmens, S. G., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2013). Normal protein intake is required for body weight loss and weight maintenance, and elevated protein intake for additional preservation of resting energy expenditure and fat free mass. The Journal of nutrition, 143(5), 591–596. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23446962/>
10Weigle, D. S., Breen, P. A., Matthys, C. C., Callahan, H. S., Meeuws, K. E., Burden, V. R., & Purnell, J. Q. (2005). A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 82(1), 41–48. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002798/>
11Diabetes UK. (2019, January 15). Ketogenic diet benefits. Diabetes UK. Retrieved November 29, 2021, from <https://www.diabetes.co.uk/keto/keto-diet-benefits.html>
12McKeown, N. M., Troy, L. M., Jacques, P. F., Hoffmann, U., O’Donnell, C. J., & Fox, C. S. (2010). Whole- and refined-grain intakes are differentially associated with abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in healthy adults: the Framingham Heart Study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 92(5), 1165–1171. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20881074/>
13Heydari, M., Freund, J., & Boutcher, S. H. (2012). The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males. Journal of obesity, 2012, 480467. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22720138/>
14Falcone, P. H., Tai, C. Y., Carson, L. R., Joy, J. M., Mosman, M. M., McCann, T. R., Crona, K. P., Kim, M. P., & Moon, J. R. (2015). Caloric expenditure of aerobic, resistance, or combined high-intensity interval training using a hydraulic resistance system in healthy men. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 29(3), 779–785. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25162652/>
15Dennis, E. A., Dengo, A. L., Comber, D. L., Flack, K. D., Savla, J., Davy, K. P., & Davy, B. M. (2010). Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 18(2), 300–307. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19661958/>
16Shmerling, R. H. (2021, March 22). Zero weight loss from zero calorie drinks? Say it ain’t so. Harvard Health. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from <https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/zero-weight-loss-from-zero-calorie-drinks-say-it-aint-so-2021032222204>
17Anari, R., Amani, R., & Veissi, M. (2017). Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption is associated with abdominal obesity risk in diabetic patients. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 11 Suppl 2, S675–S678. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28487104/>
18Mackie, A. R., Rafiee, H., Malcolm, P., Salt, L., & van Aken, G. (2013). Specific food structures supress appetite through reduced gastric emptying rate. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 304(11), G1038–G1043. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3680687/>
19Razquin, C., Martinez, J. A., Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., Mitjavila, M. T., Estruch, R., & Marti, A. (2009). A 3 years follow-up of a Mediterranean diet rich in virgin olive oil is associated with high plasma antioxidant capacity and reduced body weight gain. European journal of clinical nutrition, 63(12), 1387–1393. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19707219/>
20Burton-Freeman B. (2000). Dietary fiber and energy regulation. The Journal of nutrition, 130(2S Suppl), 272S–275S. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10721886/>
21Hairston, K. G., Vitolins, M. Z., Norris, J. M., Anderson, A. M., Hanley, A. J., & Wagenknecht, L. E. (2012). Lifestyle factors and 5-year abdominal fat accumulation in a minority cohort: the IRAS Family Study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 20(2), 421–427. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3856431/>
22Baudrand, R., & Vaidya, A. (2015). Cortisol dysregulation in obesity-related metabolic disorders. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity, 22(3), 143–149. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517681/>
23Thomson, C. A., Morrow, K. L., Flatt, S. W., Wertheim, B. C., Perfect, M. M., Ravia, J. J., Sherwood, N. E., Karanja, N., & Rock, C. L. (2012). Relationship between sleep quality and quantity and weight loss in women participating in a weight-loss intervention trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 20(7), 1419–1425. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22402738/>
24Beccuti, G., & Pannain, S. (2011). Sleep and obesity. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care, 14(4), 402–412. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3632337/>
25Moro, T., Tinsley, G., Bianco, A., Marcolin, G., Pacelli, Q. F., Battaglia, G., Palma, A., Gentil, P., Neri, M., & Paoli, A. (2016). Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. Journal of translational medicine, 14(1), 290. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27737674/>
26Tinsley, G. M., & La Bounty, P. M. (2015). Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans. Nutrition reviews, 73(10), 661–674. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26374764/>
27Hursel, R., Viechtbauer, W., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2009). The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis. International journal of obesity (2005), 33(9), 956–961. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19597519/>
28Kimura, K., Ozeki, M., Juneja, L. R., & Ohira, H. (2007). L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biological psychology, 74(1), 39–45. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16930802/>
29Harpaz, E., Tamir, S., Weinstein, A., & Weinstein, Y. (2017). The effect of caffeine on energy balance. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology, 28(1), 1–10. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27824614/>
30Lopez-Garcia, E., van Dam, R. M., Rajpathak, S., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2006). Changes in caffeine intake and long-term weight change in men and women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(3), 674–680. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16522916/>
31Borgeraas, H., Johnson, L. K., Skattebu, J., Hertel, J. K., & Hjelmesaeth, J. (2018). Effects of probiotics on body weight, body mass index, fat mass and fat percentage in subjects with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 19(2), 219–232. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29047207/>
32Osterberg, K. L., Boutagy, N. E., McMillan, R. P., Stevens, J. R., Frisard, M. I., Kavanaugh, J. W., Davy, B. M., Davy, K. P., & Hulver, M. W. (2015). Probiotic supplementation attenuates increases in body mass and fat mass during high-fat diet in healthy young adults. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 23(12), 2364–2370. <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26466123/>
33Omar, J. M., Chan, Y.-M., Jones, M. L., Prakash, S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2013, January). Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus amylovorus as probiotics alter body adiposity and gut microflora in healthy persons. Journal of Functional Foods, 5(1), 116-123. <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464612001399>